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Melito of Sardis, On Pascha

A sermon for Pascha from the 2nd century, which its papyrus copies credit to Melito, bishop of Sardis. Lost for centuries, it was found again and printed in 1940.

Picture: Rembrandt, Christ and Saint Mary Magdalene at the Tomb, 1638

The words of the prayer

105 sections · about 45 minutes

What this is

Plain English only: no traditional English wording is given for this prayer

1The Scripture of the Hebrew Exodus has been read,and the words of the mystery have been made plain:how the sheep is sacrificedand how the people are saved.

2So understand, beloved:the mystery of the Paschais new and old,eternal and for a time,perishable and imperishable,mortal and immortal.

3It is old in the law,but new in the word;for a time because of the model,eternal because of grace;perishable because of the slaughter of the sheep,imperishable because of the Lord’s life;mortal because of the burial in the earth,immortal because of the rising from the dead.

4The law is old,but the word is new.The model is for a time,but grace is eternal.The sheep is perishable,but the Lord is imperishable,slaughtered as a lamb,risen as God.For “He was led like a sheep to the slaughter,”yet He was no sheep;and He was like a silent lamb,yet He was no lamb.For the model was there,but the truth was found.

5For in place of the lamb there came God,in place of the sheep a man,and in the man Christ,Who contains all things.

6So the slaughter of the sheep,the procession of the Paschaand the writing of the lawhave all passed into Christ Jesus.For His sake everything happened in the older law,and still more in the new word.

7For the law became word,and the old became new,going out together from Zion and Jerusalem.The commandment became grace,the model truth,the lamb the Son,the sheep a man,and the man God.

8For He was born as Son,led away as a lamb,slaughtered as a sheep,buried as a man,and He rose from the dead as God,for by nature He is God and man.

9He is all things:as He judges, law;as He teaches, word;as He saves, grace;as He begets, Father;as He is begotten, Son;as He suffers, a sheep;as He is buried, a man;as He rises, God.

10This is Jesus the Christ,“to Whom be glory for ever. Amen.”

11This is the mystery of the Pascha,as it is written in the lawand as it was read a little while ago.I will go through the words of the Scripture:how God gives His command to Moses in Egypt,when He wills to bind Pharaoh under the lashand to set Israel free from the lashby the hand of Moses.

12“Look,” He says,“you shall take a lamb without spot or blemish,and at evening you shall slaughter itwith the Israelites.At night you shall eat it in haste,and you shall not break a bone of it.”

13“This,” He says, “is what you shall do.In one night you shall eat it,by families and by clans,with your belts fastened around your waistsand your staffs in your hands.For this is the Lord’s Pascha,an everlasting memorial for the Israelites.

14“Take the blood of the sheepand smear the doorways of your houses.Put the sign of the bloodon the doorposts of the entranceto awe the angel.For look, I will strike Egypt,and in one night she will lose her children,from beast to man.”

15Then Moses slaughtered the sheep,and at night he carried out the mysterywith the Israelites.He sealed the doors of the housesto guard the peopleand to awe the angel.

16When the sheep is slaughtered,the Pascha eaten,the mystery carried out,the people rejoicingand Israel sealed,then the angel comes to strike Egypt:Egypt, not initiated into the mystery,with no share in the Pascha,not sealed by the blood,not guarded by the Spirit,the enemy, the faithless one.

17In one night he struck herand left her childless.For the angel passed Israel by,and when he saw Israel sealedwith the blood of the sheep,he went against Egypt.He tamed stiff-necked Pharaoh with grief,and clothed him not in a dark robeor a torn cloak,but in all Egypt, torn,mourning for her firstborn.

18For all Egypt,plunged into pain and blows,into tears and the beating of breasts,came to Pharaoh in deep mourning,not only in how she lookedbut in her soul,torn not only in the robes she worebut on her pampered breasts as well.

19It was a strange sight to see:here people beating their breasts,there people wailing,and in the middle Pharaoh in mourning,sitting on sackcloth and ashes,wrapped in the darkness that could be feltas in a mourning cloak,with all Egypt around himlike a tunic of grief.

20For Egypt was wrapped around Pharaohlike a garment of wailing.Such was the tunic woven for the tyrant’s body.Such was the robe the angel of justiceput on hard-hearted Pharaoh:bitter grief,darkness that could be felt,and the loss of children.And the angel fell on her firstborn,for the death of the firstbornwas swift and could never be satisfied.

21It was a strange victory to seeover the dead, falling in a single moment.The rout of those who lay therebecame food for death.

22If you listen,you will marvel at a strange disaster.For this is what came over the Egyptians:a long night,darkness that could be felt,death feeling its way,an angel pressing hard,and Hades swallowing their firstborn.

23But you have something stranger and more fearful still to hear.In the darkness that could be felthid death that could not be felt.The wretched Egyptians felt their way through the darkness,while death, searching,felt for the firstborn of the Egyptiansat the angel’s command.

24So if anyone felt the darkness,death led him away.If a firstborn caught hold of a dark body with his hand,his soul struck with terror,he let out a pitiful, fearful cry:“Who is this my right hand is holding?Who is it my soul trembles at?Who is this dark one wrapped around my whole body?If you are my father, help me;if my mother, feel for me;if my brother, speak to me;if my friend, stand by me;if my enemy, let me go,for I am a firstborn.”

25But before the firstborn fell silent,the long silence seized him and said:“You are my firstborn.I am your fate,the silence of death.”

26Another firstborn,seeing that the firstborn were being taken,denied who he was,so as not to die a bitter death:“I am not a firstborn;I was born the third child.”But the one who could not be deceivedtook hold of the firstborn,and he fell on his face in silence.In a single momentthe firstborn offspring of the Egyptians perished.The first conceived, the firstborn,the longed-for, the cherished,was dashed to the ground,not only among peoplebut among the animals too.

27A lowing was heard in the fields of the land,of cattle mourning for their young.The cow with her calf,the mare with her foal,and the other beasts that had just given birthand were full of milkmourned bitterly and pitifullyfor their firstborn young.

28There was wailing and the beating of breastsover the loss of the people,over the firstborn dead.And all Egypt stankwith unburied bodies.

29It was a fearful sight to see:the mothers of the Egyptians with their hair let down,the fathers out of their minds,wailing terribly in the Egyptian tongue:“How wretched we are!In a single momentwe have lost our firstborn children.”They beat their breastsand clapped their handsin the dance of the dead.

30Such was the disaster that came over Egypt,and suddenly it left her childless.But Israel was guardedby the slaughter of the sheep,and was lit up by the blood that was poured out,and the death of the sheepproved to be a wall for the people.

31O strange and indescribable mystery!The slaughter of the sheepproved to be the salvation of Israel,the death of the sheepbecame the life of the people,and the blood awed the angel.

32Tell me, angel,what was it that awed you?The slaughter of the sheep,or the life of the Lord?The death of the sheep,or the model of the Lord?The blood of the sheep,or the Spirit of the Lord?

33It is plain that you were awedwhen you saw the mystery of the Lordtaking place in the sheep,the life of the Lord in the slaughter of the sheep,the model of the Lord in the death of the sheep.That is why you did not strike Israel,but left only Egypt childless.

34What is this strange mystery,that Egypt is struck down to destructionand Israel guarded for salvation?Listen to the meaning of the mystery.

35Nothing that is said or done, beloved,is without a parable and a sketch.Everything that happens and is saidhas its parable:what is said has its parable,and what happens has its foreshadowing.So just as what happens is shown by the foreshadowing,what is said is made clear by the parable.

36No work is raisedwithout something made beforehand.Is not what is to comeseen through a model of it?That is why a sketch is made of what is to come,in wax, or clay, or wood,so that the work about to be raised,taller in size,stronger in power,beautiful in formand rich in its making,can be seen in a small sketch that will perish.

37But when the thing the model stands for is raised,the model, which once carried the image of what was to come,is destroyed as useless,for it has handed over its imageto what is truly real.What was once precious becomes worthlesswhen what is truly precious appears.

38To each its own season:the model has its own time,and the material has its own time.You make the model of the truth.You long for it,because in it you see the image of what is to come.You bring the material for the model.You long for the model,because of what is to be raised in it.You finish the work,and you long for it alone,you love it alone,for in it alone you see the model, the material and the truth.

39So it is with examples that perish,and so it is with things that do not perish;as with things on earth,so with things in heaven.For the salvation and the truth of the Lordwere foreshadowed in the people,and the teachings of the gospelwere proclaimed beforehand by the law.

40So the people became the model, like a sketch,and the law the writing of a parable.The gospel became the telling of the lawand its fullness,and the church became the storehouse of the truth.

41So the model was precious before the truth,and the parable was wonderful before it was explained.That is, the people were preciousbefore the church was raised up,and the law was wonderfulbefore the gospel shone out.

42But when the church was raised upand the gospel came to the fore,the model was made void,for it handed over its power to the truth,and the law was fulfilled,for it handed over its power to the gospel.The model is made voidwhen it hands over its image to what is truly real,and the parable is made voidwhen the explanation makes it clear.

43In the same way the law was fulfilledwhen the gospel shone out,the people were made voidwhen the church was raised up,and the model was destroyedwhen the Lord appeared.Today what was once precious has become worthless,now that what is truly precious has appeared.

44For once the slaughter of the sheep was precious,but now it is worthless because of the life of the Lord.The death of the sheep was precious,but now it is worthless because of the salvation of the Lord.The blood of the sheep was precious,but now it is worthless because of the Spirit of the Lord.The silent lamb was precious,but now it is worthless because of the Son without blemish.The temple below was precious,but now it is worthless because of Christ above.

45The Jerusalem below was precious,but now it is worthless because of the Jerusalem above.The narrow inheritance was precious,but now it is worthless because of the wide grace.For the glory of God is not settled in one place,or in a small plot of land.His grace has been poured out on all the ends of the world,and there God Almighty has made His dwelling,through Jesus Christ,to Whom be glory for ever. Amen.

46You have heard the telling of the modeland of what answers to it.Now hear how the mystery is built.What is the Pascha?Its name comes from what happened:Pascha, from paschein,“to suffer.”

47So learn who the sufferer is,and who suffers with the sufferer,and why the Lord is present on earth:to clothe Himself with the suffererand carry him off to the heights of heaven.“In the beginning God made heaven and earth”and all that is in them through the Word.He formed man from the earthand gave breath to his form.He set him in the garden in Eden, toward the east,to live there in delight,and gave him this law in His command:“You may eat of every tree in the garden,but you shall not eat of the tree of knowing good and evil.On the day you eat of it,you shall surely die.”

48But man, who by nature could take in good and evil,like a clod of earth that takes seed from either side,took in the hostile and greedy counselor.He touched the tree,broke the commandand disobeyed God.So he was thrown out into this worldas into a prison for the condemned.

49He had many children and lived a long time,and because he had tasted of the treehe went back into the earth.And an inheritance was left by him to his children.He left his children an inheritancenot of purity but of sexual sin,not of incorruption but of decay,not of honor but of dishonor,not of freedom but of slavery,not of a kingdom but of tyranny,not of life but of death,not of salvation but of destruction.

50Strange and fearful was the destructionof people on the earth.For this is what befell them:they were carried off by sin, the tyrant,and led away into the lands of desire,where they were swamped by pleasures that are never satisfied:by adultery, by sexual sin, by debauchery,by lust, by love of money,by murders, by bloodshed,by the tyranny of wickedness,by the tyranny of lawlessness.

51For a father raised the sword against his son,and a son laid his hands on his father,and the godless struck the breasts that nursed him.Brother killed brother,stranger wronged stranger,friend murdered friend,and man slaughtered manwith a tyrant’s right hand.

52So all on the earth became killers:some of people, some of brothers,some of fathers, some of children.But something more fearful and stranger still was found.A mother laid hands on the flesh she had borne,and took hold of those she had fed at her breasts.She buried the fruit of her womb in her belly,and the wretched mother became a fearful tomb,for she swallowed the child she had carried.

53I will say no more.Many other things were found among people,strange and more fearful and more shameless:a father went to his child’s bed,a son to his mother,a brother to his sister,a male to a male,and “each neighed after his neighbor’s wife.”

54Sin rejoiced at all this.As death’s fellow workershe went ahead into the souls of peopleand made the bodies of the dead ready as food for him.Sin set her mark on every soul,and those she marked had to die.

55So all flesh fell under sin,and every body under death.Every soul was driven out of its house of flesh.What was taken from the earth was dissolved into the earth,and what was given by God was locked up in Hades.The beautiful union was undone,and the beautiful body was split apart.

56For man was being torn apart by death.A strange disaster and captivity held him.He was dragged away as a prisoner under the shadows of death,and the image of the Father lay abandoned.This, then, is why the mystery of the Paschahas been fulfilled in the body of the Lord.

57But first the Lord arranged His own sufferings beforehandin the patriarchs, in the prophets and in the whole people,and set His seal on them through the law and the prophets.For what is to happen in a new and great wayis arranged long beforehand,so that when it happens it may be believed,because it was foreshadowed long before.

58So too the mystery of the Lord,foreshadowed long agoand seen today,is believed now that it has been fulfilled,though people think of it as new.For the mystery of the Lord is old and new:old in its model,new in its grace.But if you look closely at this model,you will see the truth in how it turned out.

59So if you want to see the mystery of the Lord,look at Abel, murdered in the same way,at Isaac, bound in the same way,at Joseph, sold in the same way,at Moses, abandoned in the same way,at David, hunted in the same way,at the prophets, who suffered in the same wayfor the sake of Christ.

60Look too at the sheep slaughtered in the land of Egypt,the One Who struck Egyptand saved Israel by the blood.

61The mystery of the Lordis proclaimed by the voice of the prophets too.For Moses says to the people:“You will see your life hangingbefore your eyes night and day,and you will not believe in your life.”

62And David said:“Why have the nations raged,and the peoples plotted in vain?The kings of the earth took their stand,and the rulers gathered togetheragainst the Lord and against His Anointed.”

63And Jeremiah:“I am like an innocent lambled away to be sacrificed.They plotted evil against Me and said,‘Come, let us put wood into His breadand wipe Him out from the land of the living,and His name will be remembered no more.’”

64And Isaiah:“Like a sheep He was led to the slaughter,and like a lamb silent before its shearer,He does not open His mouth.Who will tell of His generation?”

65Many other things were proclaimed by many prophetsabout the mystery of the Pascha,which is Christ,“to Whom be glory for ever. Amen.”

66He came from heaven to earthfor the sake of the sufferer.He clothed Himself with that very suffererthrough a virgin’s womb,and came forth as a man.He took on Himself the sufferings of the suffererthrough the body that could suffer,and He undid the sufferings of the flesh.By the Spirit that could not dieHe killed death, the killer of men.

67For He was led away as a lamband slaughtered as a sheep.He ransomed us from serving the worldas from the land of Egypt,and set us free from slavery to the devilas from the hand of Pharaoh.He sealed our souls with His own Spirit,and the members of our body with His own blood.

68This is the One Who clothed death with shameand left the devil in mourning,as Moses did to Pharaoh.This is the One Who struck down lawlessnessand left injustice childless,as Moses did to Egypt.This is the One Who rescued usfrom slavery to freedom,from darkness to light,from death to life,from tyranny to an everlasting kingdom,and made us a new priesthoodand a people His own for ever.

69This is the Pascha of our salvation.This is the One Who endured many things in many people.This is the One Who was murdered in Abel,bound in Isaac,exiled in Jacob,sold in Joseph,abandoned in Moses,slaughtered in the lamb,hunted in David,dishonored in the prophets.

70This is the One Who became flesh in a virgin,Who was hung on the tree,Who was buried in the earth,Who was raised from the dead,Who was taken up to the heights of heaven.

71This is the silent Lamb.This is the Lamb that was murdered.This is the One Who was born of Mary, the lovely ewe lamb.This is the One Who was taken from the flock,dragged to the slaughter,sacrificed at eveningand buried at night;Who was not broken on the tree,did not decay in the earth,rose from the deadand raised man from the grave below.

72He has been murdered.And where has He been murdered?In the middle of Jerusalem.Why?Because He had healed their lame,cleansed their lepers,brought their blind to the lightand raised their dead.That is why He suffered.It is written somewhere in the law and the prophets:“They repaid Me evil for goodand left My soul childless.They plotted evil against Me and said,‘Let us bind the Righteous One,for He is a nuisance to us.’”

73What strange crime have you done, Israel?You dishonored the One Who honored you.You disgraced the One Who glorified you.You denied the One Who acknowledged you.You disowned the One Who proclaimed you.You killed the One Who gave you life.What have you done, Israel?

74Or is it not written for you:“You shall not shed innocent blood,so that you do not die an evil death”?“I did kill the Lord,” Israel says.“Why?Because He had to suffer.”You are mistaken, Israel,to argue so cleverlyabout the slaughter of the Lord.

75He had to suffer,but not by you.He had to be dishonored,but not by you.He had to be judged,but not by you.He had to be hung on the cross,but not by your right hand.

76This is the cry, Israel,that you should have raised to God:“Master,if Your Son had to suffer,and this is Your will,let Him suffer,but not by me.Let Him suffer at the hands of foreigners.Let Him be judged by the uncircumcised.Let Him be nailed up by a tyrant’s right hand,but not by me.”

77But you, Israel, did not raise this cry to God.You did not clear yourself before the Master,nor were you awed by His works.

78You were not awed by a withered handrestored to its body,nor by the eyes of the blindopened by His hand,nor by paralyzed bodiesmade firm again by His voice.Nor were you awed by the strangest sign of all,a dead man raised from the tombwhen he had already been dead four days.

79You paid no heed to these things.At evening, for the slaughter of the Lord,you got ready for Him sharp nails and false witnesses,ropes and whips,vinegar and gall,a sword and suffering,as if for a murderous robber.You brought whips against His bodyand thorns against His head.You bound His beautiful hands,which formed you from the earth.And that beautiful mouth of His,which fed you with life,you fed with gall.And you killed your Lordat the great feast.

80And you were making merry,while He was starving.You drank wine and ate bread,while He had vinegar and gall.Your face was bright,while His was downcast.You were rejoicing,while He was in distress.You were singing,while He was being judged.You were giving orders,while He was being nailed up.You were dancing,while He was being buried.You were lying on a soft couch,while He lay in a grave and a coffin.

81O lawless Israel,why have you done this strange crime,and thrown your Lord into strange sufferings:your Master,Who formed you,Who made you,Who honored you,Who called you Israel?

82But you were not found to be Israel,for you did not see God,you did not recognize the Lord.You did not know, Israel,that He is the Firstborn of God,born before the morning star,Who made the light rise,Who made the day bright,Who divided off the darkness,Who fixed the first boundary,Who hung the earth,Who quenched the deep,Who stretched out the sky,Who set the world in order,

83Who fitted the stars in the sky,Who made the great lights shine,Who made the angels in heaven,Who set up the thrones there,Who formed man upon the earth.It was He Who chose youand guided youfrom Adam to Noah,from Noah to Abraham,from Abraham to Isaac and Jacoband the 12 patriarchs.

84It was He Who guided you into Egypt,guarded youand fed you there.It was He Who lit your way with a pillarand sheltered you with a cloud,Who parted the Red Sea,led you throughand scattered your enemy.

85This is the One Who gave you manna from heaven,Who gave you water to drink from a rock,Who gave you the law at Horeb,Who gave you an inheritance in the land,Who sent out the prophets to you,Who raised up your kings.

86This is the One Who came to you,Who healed your suffering onesand raised your dead.This is the One you sinned against.This is the One you wronged.This is the One you killed.This is the One you charged money,demanding from Himthe two-drachma tax for His head.

87Ungrateful Israel,come and plead your case with meover your ingratitude.How much did you value being guided by Him?How much did you value His finding of your fathers?How much did you value the going down into Egypt,and being fed there through Joseph the good?

88How much did you value the ten plagues?How much did you value the pillar by night,the cloud by dayand the crossing of the Red Sea?How much did you value the manna given from heaven,the water given from the rock,the law given at Horeb,the inheritance of the landand the gifts you had there?

89How much did you value the suffererswhom He healed when He came among you?Put a price for me on the withered handthat He restored to its body.

90Put a price for me on those blind from birth,whom He brought to the light with His voice.Put a price for me on the dead who lay there,whom He raised from the tombthree days dead, and even four.His gifts to you are beyond price.But you paid Him back shamefullywith ingratitude,returning to Him evil for good,suffering for joy,death for life.And for Him you should even have died.

91When the king of a nation is captured by enemies,a war is fought for him,a wall is broken down for him,a city is plundered for him,ransom is sent for him,envoys are sent for him,so that he may be taken back,or sent home alive,or, if he is dead, buried.

92But you cast your vote against your Lord.For the One Whom the nations worshiped,Whom the uncircumcised marveled at,Whom foreigners glorified,over Whom even Pilate washed his hands,Him you killed at the great feast.

93So the feast of Unleavened Bread is bitter to you,as it is written for you:“You shall eat unleavened bread with bitter herbs.”Bitter to you are the nails you sharpened.Bitter to you is the tongue you whetted.Bitter to you are the false witnesses you put forward.Bitter to you are the ropes you got ready.Bitter to you are the whips you plaited.Bitter to you is Judas, whom you paid.Bitter to you is Herod, whom you followed.Bitter to you is Caiaphas, whom you trusted.Bitter to you is the gall you prepared.Bitter to you is the vinegar you grew.Bitter to you are the thorns you gathered.Bitter to you are the hands you bloodied.You killed your Lordin the middle of Jerusalem.

94Hear this, all you families of the nations, and see!A strange murder has taken placein the middle of Jerusalem,in the city of the law,in the city of the Hebrews,in the city of the prophets,in the city thought to be just.And who has been murdered?And who is the murderer?I am ashamed to say it,yet I am forced to speak.If the murder had happened at night,or if He had been slaughtered in a lonely place,silence would have served.But now, in the middle of the street and of the city,in the middle of the city, with everyone watching,the unjust murder of the Just One has taken place.

95And so He is lifted up on a tree,and a sign is fixed to itto say who has been murdered.Who is He?It is hard to say,and more fearful not to say.But listen and tremble,for the earth trembled because of Him:

96He Who hung the earth is hanging.He Who fixed the heavens in place has been fixed in place.He Who holds all things firmis held fast on a tree.The Master has been insulted.God has been murdered.The King of Israel has been put to deathby an Israelite right hand.

97O strange murder!O strange injustice!The Master has been disfigured,His body stripped naked,not even thought worthy of a garmentto keep Him from being seen.That is why the lights of heaven turned awayand the day grew dark:to hide the One stripped naked on the tree,darkening not the body of the Lordbut the eyes of those people.

98For when the people did not tremble,the earth trembled.When the people were not afraid,the heavens were afraid.When the people did not tear their clothes,the angel tore his.When the people did not wail,“the Lord thundered from heaven,and the Most High gave voice.”

99So, Israel,you did not tremble before the Lord.You were not afraid before the Lord.You did not wail over the Lord,but you wailed over your firstborn.You did not tear your clotheswhen the Lord was hung on the cross,but you tore them over your own who were killed.You abandoned the Lord,and you were not found by Him.You dashed the Lord to the ground,and you were dashed to the ground.And you lie dead,

100but He rose from the deadand went up to the heights of heaven.The Lord clothed Himself with man,suffered for the sake of the sufferer,was bound for the sake of the one held fast,was judged for the sake of the condemned,and was buried for the sake of the one buried,

101and He rose from the deadand raised this cry:“‘Who will take Me to court?Let him stand up against Me.’I set the condemned man free.I gave the dead man life.I raise up the one who was buried.

102Who will speak against Me?I, He says, am the Christ.I am the One Who destroyed death,triumphed over the enemy,trampled Hades,bound the strong oneand carried man off to the heights of heaven.I, He says, am the Christ.”

103“So come, all you families of mankind,you who are steeped in sins,and receive forgiveness of sins.For I am your forgiveness.I am the Pascha of salvation.I am the Lamb slaughtered for you.I am your ransom.I am your life.I am your resurrection.I am your light.I am your salvation.I am your King.I will lead you up to the heights of heaven.I will show you the Father Who is from all eternity.I will raise you up by My right hand.”

104This is the One Who made heaven and earth,and formed man in the beginning,Who was proclaimed through the law and the prophets,Who became flesh in a virgin,Who was hung on the tree,Who was buried in the earth,Who was raised from the deadand went up to the heights of heaven,Who sits at the right hand of the Father,Who has authority to judge and to save all,through Whom the Father made all that isfrom the beginning to the end of the ages.

105This is “the Alpha and the Omega.”This is “the beginning and the end,”a beginning that cannot be toldand an end that cannot be grasped.“This is the Christ.”This is the King.This is Jesus.This is the Commander.This is the Lord.This is the One Who rose from the dead.This is the One Who sits at the right hand of the Father.He carries the Fatherand is carried by the Father.“To Him be glory and power for ever. Amen.”

Plain English by Wiser Walk, from the Greek. How the wording is made.

When it is said

It was written to be preached at Pascha, right after the reading of Exodus 12, the account of the first Passover. Its first words say so: “The Scripture of the Hebrew Exodus has been read.”

The churches of Asia then kept Pascha on the 14th day of the moon, the day the Jews were commanded to sacrifice the Passover lamb. The bishops of Asia named Melito among those who kept it.

Where it comes from

Author known

Who was Melito?

Melito was bishop of the church in Sardis, in Asia Minor, in the 2nd century. The historian Eusebius lists his writings, among them “the two books On the Passover.” When the bishops of Asia wrote to Victor, bishop of Rome, they named Melito among the “great lights” of Asia who had died. They called him a man “who lived altogether in the Holy Spirit,” and said he lay buried in Sardis, waiting to rise.

Eusebius, Church History 4.26 and 5.24 (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, series 2, vol. 1)

Lost and found again

Before 1940 the homily was known only from scraps in Coptic and Syriac. That year the scholar Campbell Bonner published its Greek from a papyrus book of the 300s and titled it The Homily on the Passion. In 1960 Michel Testuz published a second copy, Papyrus Bodmer XIII, whose own title is On Pascha. Each copy fills a gap in the other, since Bonner’s lacks the last lines and the Bodmer copy lacks the opening.

Lynn H. Cohick, The Peri Pascha Attributed to Melito of Sardis (2000; open edition 2020), pages 4 to 12

Is it really Melito’s?

Both papyri name Melito as the writer, and Eusebius lists two books on the Passover among his works. Most scholars accept that he wrote it, though a few doubt it. The opening that Eusebius quotes from Melito’s work is not in this homily. In 2000 the scholar Lynn Cohick argued that tying the homily to the Melito of Eusebius is a weak base to build on.

Cohick, The Peri Pascha Attributed to Melito of Sardis, pages 5 and 11 to 12; Eusebius, Church History 4.26

What the words mean

Why “Pascha”?

Pascha comes from the Aramaic word for the Passover. Melito explains the name as if it came from the Greek verb paschein, “to suffer,” and so ties the feast to Christ’s suffering. The scholar Stuart Hall notes that this mistaken derivation was widespread in the early Church. In Exodus the name comes from the Lord passing over the houses of the Israelites when He struck Egypt (Exodus 12:27).

On Pascha 46; Cohick, The Peri Pascha Attributed to Melito of Sardis, page 101, note 32, citing Stuart G. Hall (1979)

The model and the finished work

Melito explains the Passover with a picture from a workshop. A craftsman first makes a model in wax, clay or wood, so the work to come can be seen in it. Once the real work stands, the model is broken up as useless, because it has given way to the real thing. For Melito, Israel and its Passover lamb were the model, and the church and Christ are the finished work.

On Pascha 35 to 45

Why is it so harsh about Israel?

The harsh words come mostly late in the homily, where Melito charges Israel with killing the Lord after seeing His works. He never uses the word “Jews” or speaks of the Jews of his own day. Many scholars have read these lines in the light of a strong Jewish community in Sardis, where digs in 1962 found a large synagogue, though some doubt it was one so early. Others think he wanted to set his church apart from Judaism, or, as Cohick holds, was arguing with other Christians about who Jesus is.

On Pascha 72 to 99; Cohick, The Peri Pascha Attributed to Melito of Sardis, pages 4 to 7, 25, 54 and 60

The Scripture in it

Your lamb must be an unblemished year-old male, and you may take it from the sheep or the goats. You must keep it until the fourteenth day of the month, when the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel will slaughter the animals at twilight. They are to take some of the blood and put it on the sides and tops of the doorframes of the houses where they eat the lambs. They are to eat the meat that night, roasted over the fire, along with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. Do not eat any of the meat raw or cooked in boiling water, but only roasted over the fire—its head and legs and inner parts. Do not leave any of it until morning; before the morning you must burn up any part that is left over. This is how you are to eat it: You must be fully dressed for travel, with your sandals on your feet and your staff in your hand. You are to eat in haste; it is the LORD’s Passover. On that night I will pass through the land of Egypt and strike down every firstborn male, both man and beast, and I will execute judgment against all the gods of Egypt. I am the LORD. The blood on the houses where you are staying will be a sign; when I see the blood, I will pass over you. No plague will fall on you to destroy you when I strike the land of Egypt.

Exodus 12:5-13 Quoted God’s command for the first Passover, read just before the sermon, which Melito retells line by line.

And the LORD God commanded him, “You may eat freely from every tree of the garden, but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; for in the day that you eat of it, you will surely die.”

Genesis 2:16-17 Quoted God’s command in the garden, quoted before Melito tells how mankind fell.

So your life will hang in doubt before you, and you will be afraid night and day, never certain of survival.

Deuteronomy 28:66 Quoted Moses’ words of “your life hanging before your eyes,” quoted as a prophecy of the cross.

Why do the nations rage and the peoples plot in vain? The kings of the earth take their stand and the rulers gather together, against the LORD and against His Anointed One …

Psalm 2:1-2 Quoted David’s psalm of the kings and rulers gathered against the Lord and His Anointed.

For I was like a gentle lamb led to slaughter; I did not know that they had plotted against me: “Let us destroy the tree with its fruit; let us cut him off from the land of the living, that his name may be remembered no more.”

Jeremiah 11:19 Quoted Jeremiah’s lamb led to the slaughter, read as Christ.

He was oppressed and afflicted, yet He did not open His mouth. He was led like a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is silent, so He did not open His mouth.

Isaiah 53:7 Quoted Isaiah’s sheep led to the slaughter, quoted near the start and again among the prophets.

They are well-fed, lusty stallions, each neighing after his neighbor’s wife.

Jeremiah 5:8 Quoted Jeremiah’s words of men neighing after their neighbors’ wives, in Melito’s picture of sin.

They repay me evil for good, to the bereavement of my soul.

Psalm 35:12 Quoted “They repaid me evil for good,” quoted of Christ, put to death for the good He had done.

The LORD thundered from heaven; the voice of the Most High resounded—hailstones and coals of fire.

Psalm 18:13 Quoted The Lord thundering from heaven, while the people did not mourn.

The One Who vindicates Me is near. Who will dare to contend with Me? Let us confront each other! Who has a case against Me? Let him approach Me!

Isaiah 50:8 Quoted The risen Christ’s challenge to anyone who would take Him to court.

Or again, how can anyone enter a strong man’s house and steal his possessions, unless he first ties up the strong man? Then he can plunder his house.

Matthew 12:29 Echoed Christ binding the strong man, in His victory cry.

When Pilate saw that he was accomplishing nothing, but that instead a riot was breaking out, he took water and washed his hands before the crowd. “I am innocent of this man’s blood,” he said. “You bear the responsibility.”

Matthew 27:24 Echoed Pilate washing his hands.

“I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End.”

Revelation 22:13 Quoted The Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end, in the closing praise.

Bible text: Berean Standard Bible, public domain.

In Greek

Show the Greek text

1. Ἡ μὲν γραφὴ τῆς Ἑβραϊκῆς ἐξόδου ἀνέγνωσται, καὶ τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ μυστηρίου διασεσάφηται πῶς τὸ πρόβατον θύεται καὶ πῶς ὁ λαὸς σῴζεται.

2. Τοίνυν ξύνετε, ὦ ἀγαπητοί· οὕτως ἐστὶν καινὸν καὶ παλαιόν, ἀΐδιον καὶ πρόσκαιρον, φθαρτὸν καὶ ἄφθαρτον, θνητὸν καὶ ἀθάνατον τὸ τοῦ πάσχα μυστήριον·

3. παλαιὸν μὲν κατὰ τὸν νόμον, καινὸν δὲ κατὰ τὸν λόγον, πρόσκαιρον διὰ τὸν τύπον, ἀΐδιον διὰ τὴν χάριν, φθαρτὸν διὰ τὴν τοῦ προβάτου σφαγήν, ἄφθαρτον διὰ τὴν τοῦ κυρίου ζωήν, θνητὸν διὰ τὴν ἐν τῇ γῇ ταφήν, ἀθάνατον διὰ τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν·

4. παλαιὸς μὲν ὁ νόμος, καινὸς δὲ ὁ λόγος, πρόσκαιρος ὁ τύπος, ἀΐδιος ἡ χάρις, φθαρτὸν τὸ πρόβατον, ἄφθαρτος ὁ κύριος, σφαγεὶς ὡς ἀμνός, ἀναστὰς ὡς θεός. Καὶ γὰρ “ὡς πρόβατον εἰς σφαγὴν ἤχθη”, ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ πρόβατον ἦν καὶ ὡς ἀμνὸς ἄφωνος, ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ ἀμνὸς ἦν· ὁ μὲν γὰρ τύπος ἐγένετο, ἡ δὲ ἀλήθεια ηὑρίσκετο.

5. Ἀντὶ γὰρ τοῦ ἀμνοῦ θεὸς ἐγένετο καὶ ἀντὶ τοῦ προβάτου ἄνθρωπος, ἐν δὲ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ Χριστός, ὃς κεχώρηκεν τὰ πάντα.

6. Ἡ γοῦν τοῦ προβάτου σφαγὴ καὶ ἡ τοῦ πάσχα πομπὴ καὶ ἡ τοῦ νόμου γραφὴ εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν κεχώρηκεν, δι’ ὃν τὰ πάντα ἐν τῷ πρεσβυτέρῳ νόμῳ ἐγένετο, μᾶλλον δὲ ἐν τῷ νέῳ λόγῳ.

7. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ νόμος λόγος ἐγένετο καὶ ὁ παλαιὸς καινός, – συνεξελθὼν ἐκ Σιὼν καὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ – καὶ ἡ ἐντολὴ χάρις, καὶ ὁ τύπος ἀλήθεια, καὶ ὁ ἀμνὸς υἱός, καὶ τὸ πρόβατον ἄνθρωπος, καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος θεός.

8. Ὡς γὰρ υἱὸς τεχθείς, καὶ ὡς ἀμνὸς ἀχθείς, καὶ ὡς πρόβατον σφαγείς, καὶ ὡς ἄνθρωπος ταφείς, ἀνέστη ἐκ νεκρῶν ὡς θεός, φύσει θεὸς ὢν καὶ ἄνθρωπος.

9. Ὅς ἐστιν τὰ πάντα καθ’ ὃ κρίνει νόμος, καθ’ ὃ διδάσκει λόγος, καθ’ ὃ σῴζει χάρις, καθ’ ὃ γεννᾷ πατήρ, καθ’ ὃ γεννᾶται υἱός, καθ’ ὃ πάσχει πρόβατον, καθ’ ὃ θάπτεται ἄνθρωπος, καθ’ ὃ ἀνίσταται θεός.

10. Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰησοῦς ὁ Χριστός, “ᾧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. Ἀμήν.”

11. Τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ τοῦ πάσχα μυστήριον, καθὼς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ γέγραπται, ὡς μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἀνέγνωσται. Διηγήσομαι δὲ τὰ ῥήματα τῆς γραφῆς, πῶς ὁ θεὸς ἐντέλλεται Μωυσεῖ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, ὁπόταν βούλεται τὸν μὲν Φαραὼ δῆσαι ὑπὸ μάστιγα, τὸν δὲ Ἰσραὴλ λῦσαι ἀπὸ μάστιγος διὰ χειρὸς Μωυσέως.

12. “Ἰδοὺ γὰρ, φησίν, λήμψῃ ἄσπιλον ἀμνὸν καὶ ἄμωμον, καὶ ἑσπέρας σφάξεις αὐτὸν μετὰ τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ, καὶ νύκτωρ ἔδεσθε αὐτὸν μετὰ σπουδῆς, καὶ ὀστοῦν οὐ συντρίψετε αὐτοῦ.

13. Οὕτως, φησίν, ποιήσεις· ἐν μιᾷ νυκτὶ ἔδεσθε αὐτὸν κατὰ πατριὰς καὶ δήμους, περιεζωσμένοι τὰς ὀσφύας ὑμῶν καὶ αἱ ῥάβδοι ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν ὑμῶν. Ἔστιν γὰρ τοῦτο πάσχα κυρίου, μνημόσυνον αἰώνιον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἰσραήλ.

14. Λαβόντες δὲ τὸ τοῦ προβάτου αἷμα χρίσατε τὰ πρόθυρα τῶν οἰκιῶν ὑμῶν τιθέντες ἐπὶ τοὺς σταθμοὺς τῆς εἰσόδου τὸ σημεῖον τοῦ αἵματος εἰς δυσωπίαν τοῦ ἀγγέλου. Ἰδοὺ γὰρ, πατάξω Αἴγυπτον καὶ ἐν μιᾷ νυκτὶ ἀτεκνωθήσεται ἀπὸ κτήνους ἕως ἀνθρώπου.”

15. Τότε Μωυσῆς σφάξας τὸ πρόβατον καὶ νύκτωρ διατελέσας τὸ μυστήριον μετὰ τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐσφράγισεν τὰς τῶν οἰκιῶν θύρας εἰς φρουρὰν τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ εἰς δυσωπίαν τοῦ ἀγγέλου.

16. Ὁπότε δὲ τὸ πρόβατον σφάζεται καὶ τὸ πάσχα βιβρώσκεται καὶ τὸ μυστήριον τελεῖται καὶ ὁ λαὸς εὐφραίνεται καὶ ὁ Ἰσραὴλ σφραγίζεται, τότε ἀφίκεται ὁ ἄγγελος πατάσσειν Αἴγυπτον. Τὴν ἀμύητον τοῦ μυστηρίου, τὴν ἄμοιρον τοῦ πάσχα, τὴν ἀσφράγιστον τοῦ αἵματος, τὴν ἀφρούρητον τοῦ πνεύματος, τὴν ἔχθραν, τὴν ἄπιστον

17. ἐν μιᾷ νυκτὶ πατάξας ἠτέκνωσεν. Περιελθὼν γὰρ τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ὁ ἄγγελος καὶ ἰδὼν ἐσφραγισμένον τῷ τοῦ προβάτου αἵματι, ἦλθεν ἐπ’ Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὸν σκληροτράχηλον Φαραὼ διὰ πένθους ἐδάμασεν, ἐνδύσας αὐτὸν οὐ στόλην φαιὰν οὐδὲ πέπλον περιεσχισμένον, ἀλλ’ ὅλην Αἴγυπτον περιεσχισμένην, πενθοῦσαν ἐπὶ τοῖς πρωτοτόκοις αὐτῆς.

18. Ὅλη γὰρ Αἴγυπτος, γενηθεῖσα ἐν πόνοις καὶ πληγαῖς, ἐν δάκρυσιν καὶ κοπετοῖς, ἀφίκετο πρὸς Φαραὼ ὅλη πενθήρης, οὐ μόνον τῷ σχήματι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ ψυχῇ, περιεσχισμένη οὐ μόνον τὰς στόλας τῆς περιβολῆς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς μαστοὺς τῆς τρυφῆς.

19. Ἦν δὲ καινὸν θέαμα ἰδεῖν, ἔνθα κοπτομένους, ἔνθα κωκύοντας, καὶ μέσον Φαραὼ πενθήρη, ἐπὶ σάκκῳ καὶ σποδῷ καθήμενον, περιβεβλημένον τὸ ψηλαφητὸν σκότος ὡς ἱμάτιον πενθικόν, περιεζωσμένον ὅλην Αἴγυπτον ὡς κιθῶνα πένθους.

20. Ἦν γὰρ περικειμένη Αἴγυπτος τὸν Φαραὼ ὡς περιβολὴ κωκυτοῦ. Τοιοῦτος ὑφάνθη κιθὼν τῷ τυραννικῷ σώματι, τοιαύτην ἐνέδυσεν στολὴν τὸν σκληρὸν Φαραὼ ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἄγγελος· πένθος πικρὸν καὶ σκότος ψηλαφητὸν καὶ ἀτεκνίαν. Καὶ ἦν ἐπὶ τῶν πρωτοτόκων αὐτῆς· ἦν γὰρ ταχινὸς καὶ ἀκόρεστος ὁ τῶν πρωτοτόκων θάνατος.

21. Ἦν δὲ καινὸν τρόπαιον ἰδεῖν ἐπὶ τῶν πιπτόντων νεκρῶν ἐν μιᾷ ῥοπῇ. Καὶ ἐγένετο τοῦ θανάτου τροφὴ ἡ τῶν κειμένων τροπή.

22. Καινὴν δὲ συμφοράν, ἐὰν ἀκούσητε, θαυμάσετε. Τάδε γὰρ περιέσχεν τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους, νὺξ μακρὰ καὶ σκότος ψηλαφητὸν καὶ θάνατος ψηλαφῶν καὶ ἄγγελος ἐκθλίβων καὶ ᾅδης καταπίνων τοὺς πρωτοτόκους αὐτῶν.

23. Τὸ δὲ καινότερον καὶ φοβερώτερον ἀκοῦσαι ἔχετε. Ἐν τῷ ψηλαφητῷ σκότει ὁ ἀψηλάφητος θάνατος ἐκρύβετο, καὶ τὸ μὲν σκότος ἐψηλάφων οἱ δυστυχεῖς Αἰγύπτιοι, ὁ δὲ θάνατος ἐξεραυνῶν ἐψηλάφα τοὺς πρωτοτόκους τῶν Αἰγυπτίων τοῦ ἀγγέλου κελεύοντος.

24. Εἴ τις οὖν ἐψηλάφα τὸ σκότος, ὑπὲρ τοῦ θανάτου ἐξήγετο. Εἴ τις πρωτότοκος χειρὶ σκοτεινὸν σῶμα ἐναγκαλισάμενος, τῇ ψυχῇ ἐκδειματωθεὶς οἰκτρὸν καὶ φοβερὸν ἀνεβόησεν· “Τίνα κρατεῖ ἡ δεξιά μου; Τίνα τρέμει ἡ ψυχή μου; Τίς μοι σκοτεινὸς περίκειται ὅλῳ τῷ σώματι; Εἰ μὲν πατήρ, βοήθησον, εἰ δὲ μήτηρ, συμπάθησον, εἰ δὲ ἀδελφός, προσλάλησον, εἰ δὲ φίλος, εὐστάθησον, εἰ δὲ ἐχθρός, ἀπαλλάγηθι, ὅτι πρωτότοκος ἐγώ.”

25. Πρὸ δὲ τοῦ σιωπῆσαι τὸν πρωτότοκον, ἡ μακρὰ σιωπὴ κατέσχεν αὐτὸν προσειποῦσα· “Πρωτότοκος ἐμὸς εἶ· ἐγώ σοι πέπρωμαι ἡ τοῦ θανάτου σιωπή.”

26. Ἕτερος δέ τις πρωτότοκος, νοήσας τὴν τῶν πρωτοτόκων ἅλωσιν, ἑαυτὸν ἀπηρνεῖτο, ἵνα μὴ θάνῃ πικρῶς· “Οὔκ εἰμι πρωτότοκος, τρίτῳ γεγέννημαι καρπῷ.” Ὁ δὲ ψευσθῆναι μὴ δυνάμενος τοῦ πρωτοτόκου προσήπτετο· πρηνὴς δὲ ἔπιπτε σιγῶν. Ὑπὸ δὲ μιὰν ῥοπὴν ὁ πρωτότοκος καρπὸς τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ἀπώλετο. Ὁ πρωτόσπορος, ὁ πρωτότοκος, ὁ ποθητός, ὁ περιψηκτὸς ἐδαφίσθη χαμαί, οὐχ ὁ τῶν ἀνθρώπων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων.

27. Μύκημα δὲ ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις τῆς γῆς ἠκούετο ἀποδυρομένων κτηνῶν ἐπὶ τῶν τροφίμων αὐτῶν· καὶ γὰρ δάμαλις ὑπόμοσχος καὶ ἵππος ὑπόπωλος καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ κτήνη λοχευόμενα καὶ σπαργῶντα πικρὸν καὶ ἐλεεινὸν ἀπωδύροντο ἐπὶ τῶν πρωτοτόκων καρπῶν.

28. Οἰμωγὴ δὲ καὶ κοπετὸς ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπωλείᾳ ἐγένετο, ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν πρωτοτόκων νεκρῶν. Ὅλη γὰρ ἐπώζεσεν Αἴγυπτος ἀπὸ τῶν ἀτάφων σωμάτων.

29. Ἦν δὲ θεάσασθαι φοβερὸν θέαμα, τῶν Αἰγυπτίων μητέρας λυσικόμους, πατέρας λυσίφρονας, δεινὸν ἀνακωκύοντας τῇ Αἰγυπτιακῇ φωνῇ· “Δυστυχεῖς ἠτεκνώμεθα ὑπὸ μίαν ῥοπὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ πρωτοτόκου καρποῦ.” Ἦσαν δὲ ἐπὶ μαστῶν κοπτόμενοι, χερσὶν τύπτοντες κροτήματα ἐπὶ τῆς τῶν νεκρῶν ὀρχήσεως.

30. Τοιαύτη συμφορὰ περιέσχεν Αἴγυπτον, ἄφνω δὲ ἠτέκνωσεν αὐτήν. Ἦν δὲ ὁ Ἰσραὴλ φρουρούμενος ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ προβάτου σφαγῆς, καί γε συνεφωτίζετο ὑπὸ τοῦ χυθέντος αἵματος, καὶ τεῖχος ηὑρίσκετο τοῦ λαοῦ ὁ τοῦ προβάτου θάνατος.

31. Ὢ μυστηρίου καινοῦ καὶ ἀνεκδιηγήτου· ἡ τοῦ προβάτου σφαγὴ ηὑρίσκετο τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ σωτηρία, καὶ ὁ τοῦ προβάτου θάνατος ζωὴ τοῦ λαοῦ ἐγένετο, καὶ τὸ αἷμα ἐδυσώπησεν τὸν ἄγγελον.

32. Λέγε μοι, ὦ ἄγγελε, τί ἐδυσωπήθης, τὴν τοῦ προβάτου σφαγὴν ἢ τὴν τοῦ κυρίου ζωήν, τὸν τοῦ προβάτου θάνατον ἢ τὸν τοῦ κυρίου τύπον, τὸ τοῦ προβάτου αἷμα ἢ τὸ τοῦ κυρίου πνεῦμα;

33. Δῆλος εἶ δυσωπηθεὶς εἰδὼν τὸ τοῦ κυρίου μυστήριον ἐν τῷ προβάτῳ γινόμενον, τὴν τοῦ κυρίου ζωὴν ἐν τῇ τοῦ προβάτου σφαγῇ, τὸν τοῦ κυρίου τύπον ἐν τῷ τοῦ προβάτου θανάτῳ. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἐπάταξας τὸν Ἰσραήλ, ἀλλὰ μόνην Αἴγυπτον ἠτέκνωσας.

34. Τί τοῦτο τὸ καινὸν μυστήριον, Αἴγυπτον μὲν παταχθῆναι εἰς ἀπώλειαν, τὸν δὲ Ἰσραὴλ φυλαχθῆναι εἰς σωτηρίαν; Ἀκούσατε τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ μυστηρίου.

35. Οὐδέν ἐστιν, ἀγαπητοί, τὸ λεγόμενον καὶ γινόμενον δίχα παραβολῆς καὶ προκεντήματος. Πάντα ὅσα ἐὰν γίνεται καὶ λέγεται, παραβολῆς τυγχάνει – τὸ μὲν λεγόμενον παραβολῆς, τὸ δὲ γινόμενον προτυπώσεως – ἵνα ὡς ἂν τὸ γινόμενον διὰ τῆς προτυπώσεως δείκνυται, οὕτως καὶ τὸ λεγόμενον διὰ τῆς παραβολῆς φωτισθῇ.

36. Εἰ μὴ ἐπὶ προκατασκευῆς ἔργον οὐκ ἀνίσταται. Ἢ οὐ τὸ μέλλον διὰ τῆς τυπικῆς εἰκόνος ὁρᾶται; Διὰ τοῦτο δὴ τοῦ μέλλοντος γίνεται προκέντημα ἢ ἐκ κηροῦ ἢ ἐκ πηλοῦ ἢ ἐκ ξύλου, ἵνα τὸ μέλλον ἀνίστασθαι ὑψηλότερον ἐν μεγέθει καὶ ἰσχυρότερον ἐν δυνάμει καὶ καλὸν ἐν σχήματι καὶ πλούσιον ἐν τῇ κατασκευῇ διὰ μικροῦ καὶ φθαρτοῦ προκεντήματος ὁραθῇ.

37. Ὁπόταν δὲ ἀναστῇ πρὸς ὃ ὁ τύπος, τό ποτε τοῦ μέλλοντος τὴν εἰκόνα φέρον, τοῦτ’ ὡς ἄχρηστον γινόμενον λύεται, παραχωρῆσαν τῷ φύσει ἀληθεῖ τὴν περὶ αὐτοῦ εἰκόνα. Γίνεται δὲ τό ποτε τίμιον ἄτιμον, τοῦ φύσει τιμίου φανερωθέντος.

38. Ἑκάστῳ γὰρ ἴδιος καιρός· τοῦ τύπου ἴδιος χρόνος, τῆς ὕλης ἴδιος χρόνος. Τῆς ἀληθείας ποιεῖς τὸν τύπον. Τοῦτον ποθεῖς ὅτι τοῦ μέλλοντος ἐν αὐτῷ τὴν εἰκόνα βλέπεις. Προσκομίζεις τὴν ὕλην τῷ τύπῳ. Τοῦτον ποθεῖς διὰ τὸ μέλλον ἐν αὐτῷ ἀνίστασθαι. Ἀπαρτίζεις τὸ ἔργον, τοῦτο μόνον ποθεῖς, τοῦτο μόνον φιλεῖς, ἐν αὐτῷ μόνῳ τὸν τύπον καὶ τὴν ὕλην καὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν βλέπων.

39. Ὡς γοῦν ἐν τοῖς φθαρτοῖς παραδείγμασιν, οὕτως δὴ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀφθάρτοις· ὡς ἐν τοῖς ἐπιγείοις, οὕτως δὴ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις. Καὶ γὰρ ἡ τοῦ κυρίου σωτηρία καὶ ἀλήθεια ἐν τῷ λαῷ προετυπώθη, καὶ τὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου δόγματα ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου προεκηρύχθη.

40. Ἐγένετο οὖν ὁ λαὸς τύπος προκεντήματος καὶ ὁ νόμος γραφὴ παραβολῆς, τὸ δὲ εὐαγγέλιον διήγημα νόμου καὶ πλήρωμα, ἡ δὲ ἐκκλησία ἀποδοχεῖον τῆς ἀληθείας.

41. Ἦν οὖν ὁ τύπος τίμιος πρὸ τῆς ἀληθείας καὶ ἡ παραβολὴ θαυμαστὴ πρὸ τῆς ἑρμενείας. Τοῦτ’ ἔστιν, ὁ λαὸς ἦν τίμιος πρὸ τοῦ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἀνασταθῆναι, καὶ ὁ νόμος θαυμαστὸς πρὸ τοῦ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον φωτισθῆναι.

42. Ὁπότε δὲ ἡ ἐκκλησία ἀνέστη καὶ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον προέστη, ὁ τύπος ἐκενώθη παραδοὺς τῇ ἀληθείᾳ τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ ὁ νόμος ἐπληρώθη παραδοὺς τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τὴν δύναμιν. Ὃν τρόπον κενοῦται ὁ τύπος τῷ φύσει ἀληθεῖ τὴν εἰκόνα παραδούς, καὶ ἡ παραβολὴ κενοῦται διὰ τῆς ἑρμηνείας φωτισθεῖσα,

43. οὕτως δὴ καὶ ὁ νόμος ἐπληρώθη τοῦ εὐαγγελίου φωτισθέντος, καὶ ὁ λαὸς ἐκενώθη τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἀνασταθείσης, καὶ ὁ τύπος ἐλύθη τοῦ κυρίου φανερωθέντος, καὶ σήμερον γέγονεν τά ποτε τίμια ἄτιμα τῶν φύσει τιμίων φανερωθέντων.

44. Ἦν γάρ ποτε τίμιος ἡ τοῦ προβάτου σφαγή, νῦν δὲ ἄτιμος διὰ τὴν τοῦ κυρίου ζωήν· τίμιος ὁ τοῦ προβάτου θάνατος, νῦν δὲ ἄτιμος διὰ τὴν τοῦ κυρίου σωτηρίαν· τίμιον τὸ τοῦ προβάτου αἷμα, νῦν δὲ ἄτιμον διὰ τὸ τοῦ κυρίου πνεῦμα· τίμιος ὁ ἄφωνος ἀμνός, νῦν δὲ ἄτιμος διὰ τὸν ἄμωμον υἱόν· τίμιος ὁ κάτω ναός, νῦν δὲ ἄτιμος διὰ τὸν ἄνω Χριστόν·

45. τίμιος ἡ κάτω Ἰερουσαλήμ, νῦν δὲ ἄτιμος διὰ τὴν ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ· τίμιος ἡ στενὴ κληρονομία, νῦν δὲ ἄτιμος διὰ τὴν πλατεῖαν χάριν. Οὐ γὰρ ἐφ’ ἑνὶ τόπῳ οὐδὲ ἐν βραχεῖ σχοινίσματι ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ δόξα καθίδρυται, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πάντα τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐκκέχυται ἡ χάρις αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐνταῦθα κατεσκήνωκεν ὁ παντοκράτωρ θεός· διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ᾧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. Ἀμήν.

46. Τὸ μὲν οὖν διήγημα τοῦ τύπου καὶ τῆς ἀνταποδόσεως ἀκηκόατε· ἀκούσατε καὶ τὴν κατασκευὴν τοῦ μυστηρίου. Τί ἐστιν τὸ πάσχα; Ἀπὸ γὰρ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος τὸ ὄνομα κέκληται· ἀπὸ τοῦ παθεῖν τὸ πάσχειν.

47. Μάθετε οὖν τίς ὁ πάσχων καὶ τίς ὁ τῷ πάσχοντι συμπαθῶν, καὶ διά τι πάρεστιν ὁ κύριος ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, ἵνα τὸν πάσχοντα ἀμφιασάμενος ἁρπάσῃ εἰς τὰ ὑψηλὰ τῶν οὐρανῶν. “Ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἀρχῇ ποιήσας τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν” καὶ πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς διὰ τοῦ λόγου ἀνεπλάσσατο ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ εἴδει ἀναπνοὴν μετέδωκεν. Τοῦτον δὲ ἔθετο εἰς τὸν παράδεισον κατὰ ἀνατολῆς ἐν Ἔδεμ ἐκεῖ τρυφᾶν. Τάδε αὐτῷ νομοθετήσας διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς· “Ἀπὸ παντὸς ξύλου τοῦ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ βρώσει φάγετε, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ξύλου γινώσκειν καλὸν καὶ πονηρὸν οὐ φάγεσθε, ᾗ δ’ ἂν ἡμέρᾳ φάγητε, θανάτῳ ἀποθανεῖσθε.”

48. Ὁ δὲ ἄνθρωπος φύσει δεκτικὸς ὢν ἀγαθοῦ καὶ πονηροῦ, ὡσεὶ βῶλος γῆς ἑκατέρωθεν σπερμάτων, ἐδέξατο τὸν ἐχθρὸν καὶ λίχνον σύμβουλον, καὶ προσαψάμενος τοῦ ξύλου παρέβη τὴν ἐντολὴν καὶ παρήκουσεν τοῦ θεοῦ. Ἐξεβλήθη οὖν εἰς τοῦτον τὸν κόσμον ὡς εἰς δεσμωτήριον καταδίκων.

49. Τούτου δὲ πολυχόου καὶ πολυχρονίου γενομένου, διὰ τῆς τοῦ ξύλου γεύσεως καὶ εἰς γῆν χωρήσαντος, κατελείφθη ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ κληρονομία τοῖς τέκνοις αὐτοῦ. Κατέλιπεν γὰρ τοῖς τέκνοις κληρονομίαν οὐχ ἁγνείαν ἀλλὰ πορνείαν, οὐκ ἀφθαρσίαν ἀλλὰ φθοράν, οὐ τιμὴν ἀλλὰ ἀτιμίαν, οὐκ ἐλευθερίαν ἀλλὰ δουλείαν, οὐ βασιλείαν ἀλλὰ τυραννίδα, οὐ ζωὴν ἀλλὰ θάνατον, οὐ σωτηρίαν ἀλλὰ ἀπώλειαν.

50. Καινὴ δὲ καὶ φοβερὰ ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐγίνετο ἀπώλεια. Τάδε γὰρ συνέβαινεν αὐτοῖς· ἀνηρπάζοντο ὑπὸ τῆς τυραννικῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ ἤγοντο εἰς τοὺς χώρους τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν ἐν οἷς περιηντλοῦντο ὑπὸ τῶν ἀκορέστων ἡδονῶν ὑπὸ μοιχείας, ὑπὸ πορνείας, ὑπὸ ἀσελγείας, ὑπὸ ἐπιθυμίας, ὑπὸ φιλαργυρίας, ὑπὸ φόνων, ὑπὸ αἱμάτων, ὑπὸ τυραννίδος πονηρίας, ὑπὸ τυραννίδος παρανόμου.

51. Καὶ γὰρ πατὴρ ἐπὶ υἱὸν ξίφος ἐπηνέγκατο, καὶ υἱὸς πατρὶ χεῖρας προσήνεγκεν, καὶ μαστοὺς τιθηνοὺς ἀσεβὴς ἐτύπτησεν, καὶ ἀδελφὸς ἀδελφὸν ἀπέκτεινεν, καὶ ξένος ξένον ἠδίκησεν, καὶ φίλος φίλον ἐφόνευσεν, καὶ ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπον ἀπέσφαξεν τυραννικῇ δεξιᾷ.

52. Πάντες οὖν οἱ μὲν ἀνθρωποκτόνοι, οἱ δὲ ἀδελφοκτόνοι, οἱ δὲ πατροκτόνοι, οἱ δὲ τεκνοκτόνοι ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐγενήθησαν. Τὸ δὲ φοβερώτερον καὶ καινότερον ηὑρίσκετο. Μήτηρ τις ἥπτετο σαρκῶν ὧν ἐγέννησεν, προσήπτετο ὧν ἐξέθρεψεν μαστοῖς, καὶ τὸν καρπὸν τῆς κοιλίας εἰς κοιλίαν κατώρυσσεν, καὶ φοβερὸς τάφος ἐγένετο ἡ δυστυχὴς μήτηρ, ὃ ἐκύησεν καταπιοῦσα τέκνον.

53. Οὐκέτι προσλαλῶ. Πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἕτερα ξένα καὶ φοβερώτερα καὶ ἀσελγέστερα ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ηὑρίσκετο. Πατὴρ ἐπὶ παιδὸς κοιτὴν, καὶ υἱὸς ἐπὶ μητρὸς, καὶ ἀδελφὸς ἐπὶ ἀδελφῆς, καὶ ἄρρην ἐπὶ ἄρρενος, καὶ “ἑκάτερος ἐπὶ τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ πλησίον ἐχρεμέτιζον”.

54. Ἐπὶ δὲ τούτοις ἡ ἁμαρτία ηὐφραίνετο. Ἡ τοῦ θανάτου συνεργὸς ὑπάρχουσα προωδοιπόρει εἰς τὰς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ψυχὰς καὶ ἡτοίμαζεν αὐτῷ τροφὰς τὰ τῶν νεκρῶν σώματα. Εἰς πᾶσαν δὲ ψυχὴν ἐτίθει ἡ ἁμαρτία ἴχνος, καὶ εἰς οὓς ἂν ἔθηκεν, τούτους ἔδει τελευτᾶν.

55. Πᾶσα οὖν σὰρξ ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν ἔπιπτεν καὶ πᾶν σῶμα ὑπὸ θάνατον, καὶ πᾶσα ψυχὴ ἐκ τοῦ σαρκίνου οἴκου ἐξηλαύνετο, καὶ τὸ λημφθὲν ἐκ γῆς εἰς γῆν ἀνελύετο, καὶ τὸ δωρηθὲν ἐκ θεοῦ εἰς τὸν ᾅδην κατεκλείετο, καὶ λύσις ἐγίνετο τῆς καλῆς ἁρμογῆς, καὶ διεχωρίζετο τὸ καλὸν σῶμα.

56. Ἦν γὰρ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὑπὸ τοῦ θανάτου μεριζόμενος. Καινὴ γὰρ συμφορὰ καὶ ἅλωσις περιεῖχεν αὐτόν. Εἵλκετο αἰχμάλωτος ὑπὸ τὰς τοῦ θανάτου σκιάς, ἔκειτο δὲ ἔρημος ἡ τοῦ πατρὸς εἰκών. Διὰ ταύτην γοῦν τὴν αἰτίαν τὸ τοῦ πάσχα μυστήριον τετέλεσται ἐν τῷ τοῦ κυρίου σώματι.

57. Πρότερον δὲ ὁ κύριος προῳκονόμησεν τὰ ἑαυτοῦ πάθη ἐν πατριάρχαις καὶ ἐν προφήταις καὶ ἐν παντὶ τῷ λαῷ, διά τε νόμου καὶ προφητῶν ἐπισφραγισάμενος. Τὸ γὰρ μέλλον καινῶς καὶ μεγάλως ἔσεσθαι, τοῦτο ἐκ μακροῦ προοικονομεῖται, ἵν’ ὁπόταν γένηται, πίστεως τύχῃ, ἐκ μακροῦ προτυπωθέν.

58. Οὕτω δὴ καὶ τὸ τοῦ κυρίου μυστήριον, ἐκ μακροῦ προτυπωθέν, ὁραθὲν δὲ σήμερον, πίστεως τυγχάνει τετελεσμένον, καίτοι ὡς καινὸν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις νομιζόμενον. Ἔστιν γὰρ πάλαιον καὶ καινὸν τὸ τοῦ κυρίου μυστήριον, πάλαιον μὲν κατὰ τὸν τυπόν, καινὸν δὲ κατὰ τὴν χάριν. Ἀλλ’ ἐὰν ἀποβλέψῃς εἰς τὸν τύπον τοῦτον, ὄψῃ τὸ ἀληθὲς διὰ τῆς ἐκβάσεως.

59. Τοιγαροῦν εἰ βούλει τὸ τοῦ κυρίου μυστήριον ἰδέσθαι, ἀπόβλεψον δὴ εἰς τὸν Ἀβὲλ τὸν ὁμοίως φονευόμενον, εἰς τὸν Ἰσὰκ τὸν ὁμοίως συμποδιζόμενον, εἰς τὸν Ἰωσὴφ τὸν ὁμοίως πιπρασκόμενον, εἰς τὸν Μωυσέα τὸν ὁμοίως ἐκτιθέμενον, εἰς τὸν Δαυὶδ τὸν ὁμοίως διωκόμενον, εἰς τοὺς προφήτας τοὺς ὁμοίως διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν πάσχοντας.

60. Ἀπόβλεψον δὲ καὶ εἰς τὸ ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτου πρόβατον σφαζόμενον, τὸν πατάξαντα Αἴγυπτον καὶ σώσαντα τὸν Ἰσραὴλ διὰ τοῦ αἵματος.

61. Ἔστιν δὲ καὶ διὰ προφητικῆς φωνῆς τὸ τοῦ κυρίου μυστήριον κηρυσσόμενον. Φησὶν γὰρ Μωυσῆς πρὸς τὸν λαόν· “Καὶ ὄψεσθε τὴν ζωὴν ὑμῶν κρεμαμένην ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ὑμῶν νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας καὶ οὐ μὴ πιστεύσητε ἐπὶ τὴν ζωὴν ὑμῶν.”

62. Ὁ δὲ Δαυὶδ εἶπεν· “Ἵνα τί ἐφρύαξαν ἔθνη καὶ λαοὶ ἐμελέτησαν κενά; Παρέστησαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες συνήχθησαν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ κατὰ τοῦ κυρίου καὶ κατὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ.”

63. Ὁ δὲ Ἰερεμίας. “Ἐγὼ ὡς ἀρνίον ἄκακον ἀγόμενον τοῦ θύεσθαι. Ἐλογίσαντο ἐπ’ ἐμὲ κακὰ εἰπόντες· Δεῦτε, ἐμβάλωμεν ξύλον εἰς τὸν ἄρτον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκτρίψωμεν αὐτὸν ἐκ γῆς ζώντων, καὶ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ οὐ μὴ μνησθῇ.”

64. Ὁ δὲ Ἠσαίας· “Ὡς πρόβατον ἐπὶ σφαγὴν ἤχθη, καὶ ὡς ἀμνὸς ἄφωνος ἐναντίον τοῦ κείραντος αὐτόν, οὗτος οὐκ ἀνοίγει τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ. Τὴν γενεὰν αὐτοῦ τίς διηγήσεται;”

65. Πολλὰ μὲν καὶ ἕτερα ὑπὸ πολλῶν προφητῶν ἐκηρύχθη εἰς τὸ τοῦ πάσχα μυστήριον, ὅ ἐστιν Χριστός, “ᾧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. Ἀμήν”.

66. Οὗτος, ἀφικόμενος ἐξ οὐρανῶν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν διὰ τὸν πάσχοντα, αὐτὸν δὲ ἐκεῖνον ἐνδυσάμενος διὰ παρθένου μήτρας καὶ προελθὼν ἄνθρωπος, ἀπεδέξατο τὰ τοῦ πάσχοντος πάθη διὰ τοῦ παθεῖν δυναμένου σώματος καὶ κατέλυσεν τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς πάθη, τῷ δὲ θανεῖν μὴ δυναμένῳ πνεύματι ἀπέκτεινεν τὸν ἀνθρωποκτόνον θάνατον.

67. Οὗτος γὰρ ὡς ἀμνὸς ἀχθεὶς καὶ ὡς πρόβατον σφαγείς, ἐλυτρώσατο ἡμᾶς ἐκ τῆς τοῦ κόσμου λατρείας ὡς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου, καὶ ἔλυσεν ἡμᾶς ἐκ τῆς τοῦ διαβόλου δουλείας ὡς ἐκ χειρὸς Φαραώ, καὶ ἐσφράγισεν ἡμῶν τὰς ψυχὰς τῷ ἰδίῳ πνεύματι καὶ τὰ μέλη τοῦ σώματος τῷ ἰδίῳ αἵματι.

68. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τὸν θάνατον ἐνδύσας αἰσχύνην, καὶ τὸν διάβολον στήσας πενθήρη ὡς Μωυσῆς τὸν Φαραώ. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τὴν ἀνομίαν πατάξας καὶ τὴν ἀδικίαν ἀτεκνώσας ὡς Μωυσῆς Αἴγυπτον. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ῥυσάμενος ἡμᾶς ἐκ δουλείας εἰς ἐλευθερίαν, ἐκ σκότους εἰς φῶς, ἐκ θανάτου εἰς ζωήν, ἐκ τυραννίδος εἰς βασιλείαν αἰωνίαν καὶ ποιήσας ἡμᾶς ἱεράτευμα καινὸν καὶ λαὸν περιούσιον αἰώνιον.

69. Οὗτός ἐστιν τὸ πάσχα τῆς σωτηρίας ἡμῶν. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἐν πολλοῖς πολλὰ ὑπομείνας. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἐν τῷ Ἀβὲλ φονευθείς, ἐν δὲ τῷ Ἰσὰκ δεθείς, ἐν δὲ τῷ Ἰακὼβ ξενιτεύσας, ἐν δὲ τῷ Ἰωσὴφ πραθείς, ἐν δὲ τῷ Μωυσῇ ἐκτεθείς, ἐν δὲ τῷ ἀμνῷ σφαγείς, ἐν δὲ τῷ Δαυὶδ διωχθείς, ἐν δὲ τοῖς προφήταις ἀτιμασθείς.

70. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἐν παρθένῳ σαρκωθείς, ὁ ἐπὶ ξύλου κρεμασθείς, ὁ εἰς γῆν ταφείς, ὁ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀνασταθείς, ὁ εἰς τὰ ὑψηλὰ τῶν οὐρανῶν ἀναλημφθείς.

71. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἀμνὸς ὁ ἄφωνος. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἀμνὸς φονευόμενος. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τεχθεὶς ἐκ Μαρίας τῆς καλῆς ἀμνάδος. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἐξ ἀγέλης λημφθεὶς καὶ εἰς σφαγὴν συρεὶς καὶ ἑσπέρας θυθεὶς καὶ νύκτωρ ταφείς, ὁ ἐπὶ ξύλου μὴ συντριβείς, εἰς γῆν μὴ λυθείς, ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστὰς καὶ ἀναστήσας τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ τῆς κάτω ταφῆς.

72. Οὗτος πεφόνευται. Καὶ ποῦ πεφόνευται; Ἐν μέσῳ Ἰερουσαλήμ. Διά τι; Ὅτι τοὺς χωλοὺς αὐτῶν ἐθεράπευσεν καὶ τοὺς λεπροὺς αὐτῶν ἐκαθάρισεν καὶ τοὺς τυφλοὺς αὐτῶν ἐφωταγώγησεν καὶ τοὺς νεκροὺς αὐτῶν ἀνέστησεν. Διὰ τοῦτο ἔπαθεν. Ποὺ γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ καὶ ἐν προφήταις· “Ἀνταπέδωκάν μοι κακὰ ἀντὶ ἀγαθῶν καὶ ἀτεκνίαν τῇ ψυχῇ μου, λογισάμενοι ἐπ’ ἐμὲ κακά, εἰπόντες· Δήσωμεν τὸν δίκαιον ὅτι δύσχρηστος ἡμῖν ἐστιν.”

73. Τί ἐποίησας, ὦ Ἰσραήλ, τὸ καινὸν ἀδίκημα; Ἠτίμησας τὸν τιμήσαντά σε. Ἠδόξησας τὸν δοξάσαντά σε. Ἀπηρνήσω τὸν ὁμολογήσαντά σε. Ἀπεκήρυξας τὸν κηρύξαντά σε. Ἀπέκτεινας τὸν ζωοποιήσαντά σε. Τί ἐποίησας, ὦ Ἰσραήλ;

74. Ἢ οὐ γέγραπταί σοι· “Οὐκ ἐκχεεῖς αἷμα ἀθῷον, ἵνα μὴ ἀποθάνῃς κακῶς”; Ἐγὼ μέν, φησὶν Ἰσραήλ, ἀπέκτεινα τὸν κύριον. Διὰ τί; Ὅτι ἔδει αὐτὸν παθεῖν. Πεπλάνησαι, ὦ Ἰσραήλ, τοιαῦτα σοφιζόμενος ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ κυρίου σφαγῇ.

75. Ἔδει αὐτὸν παθεῖν, ἀλλ’ οὐχ ὑπὸ σοῦ. Ἔδει αὐτὸν ἀτιμασθῆναι, ἀλλ’ οὐχ ὑπὸ σοῦ. Ἔδει αὐτὸν κριθῆναι, ἀλλ’ οὐχ ὑπὸ σοῦ. Ἔδει αὐτὸν κρεμασθῆναι, ἀλλ’ οὐχ ὑπὸ τῆς δεξιᾶς σου.

76. Ταύτην, ὦ Ἰσραήλ, πρὸς τὸν θεὸν ὤφειλες βοῆσαι τὴν φωνήν· “Ὦ δέσποτα, εἰ καὶ ἔδει σου τὸν υἱὸν παθεῖν καὶ τοῦτό σού ἐστιν τὸ θέλημα, πασχέτω δή, ἀλλὰ ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ μή. Πασχέτω ὑπὸ ἀλλοφύλων. Κρινέσθω ὑπὸ ἀκροβύστων. Προσηλούσθω ὑπὸ τυραννικῆς δεξιᾶς, ὑπὸ δὲ ἐμοῦ μή.”

77. Σὺ δὲ ταύτην, ὦ Ἰσραήλ, πρὸς τὸν θεὸν οὐκ ἐβόησας τὴν φωνήν, οὐδὲ ἀφωσίωσαι τῷ δεσπότῃ, οὐδὲ ἐδυσωπήθης τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ.

78. Οὐκ ἐδυσώπησέν σε χεὶρ ξηρὰ ἀποκαθεσταμένη τῷ σώματι, οὐδὲ ὀφθαλμοὶ πηρῶν διὰ χειρὸς αὐτοῦ ἀνοιγόμενοι, οὐδὲ παραλελυμένα σώματα διὰ φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἀναπηγνύμενα, οὐδὲ τὸ καινότερόν σε ἐδυσώπησεν σημεῖον, νεκρὸς ἐκ μνημείου ἐγειρόμενος ἤδη τεσσάρων ἡμερῶν.

79. Σὺ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα παραπεμψάμενος ἑσπέρας ἐπὶ τὴν τοῦ κυρίου σφαγὴν ἡτοίμασας αὐτῷ ἥλους ὀξεῖς καὶ μάρτυρας ψευδεῖς καὶ βρόχους καὶ μάστιγας καὶ ὄξος καὶ χόλην καὶ μάχαιραν καὶ θλῖψιν ὡς ἐπὶ φόνιον λῃστήν. Ἐπενεγκὼν γὰρ αὐτῷ καὶ μάστιγας τῷ σώματι καὶ ἄκανθαν τῇ κεφαλῇ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰς καλὰς αὐτοῦ χεῖρας ἔδησας, αἵ σε ἔπλασαν ἀπὸ γῆς, καὶ τὸ καλὸν αὐτοῦ ἐκεῖνο στόμα τὸ ψωμίσαν σε ζωήν, ἐψώμισας χολήν, καὶ ἀπέκτεινάς σου τὸν κύριον ἐν τῇ μεγάλῃ ἑορτῇ.

80. Καὶ σὺ μὲν ἦσθα εὐφραινόμενος, ἐκεῖνος δὲ λιμώττων. Σὺ ἔπινες οἶνον καὶ ἄρτον ἤσθιες, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ὄξος καὶ χολήν. Σὺ ἦσθα φαιδρὸς τῷ προσώπῳ, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἐσκυθρώπαζεν. Σὺ ἦσθα ἀγαλλιώμενος, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἐθλίβετο. Σὺ ἔψαλλες, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἐκρίνετο. Σὺ ἐκέλευες, ἐκεῖνος δὲ προσηλοῦτο. Σὺ ἐχόρευες, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἐθάπτετο. Σὺ μὲν ἐπὶ στρωμνῆς μαλακῆς ἦσθα κατακείμενος, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἐν τάφῳ καὶ σορῷ.

81. Ὦ Ἰσραὴλ παράνομε, τί δὴ τοῦτο ἀπηργάσω τὸ καινὸν ἀδίκημα, καινοῖς ἐμβαλών σου τὸν κύριον πάθεσιν, τὸν δεσπότην σου, τὸν πλάσαντά σε, τὸν ποιήσαντά σε, τὸν τιμήσαντά σε, τὸν Ἰσραὴλ καλέσαντά σε;

82. Σὺ δὲ Ἰσραὴλ οὐχ εὑρέθης, οὐ γὰρ εἶδες τὸν θεόν, οὐκ ἐνόησας τὸν κύριον, οὐκ ᾔδεις, ὦ Ἰσραήλ, ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ πρωτότοκος τοῦ θεοῦ, ὁ πρὸ ἑωσφόρου γεννηθείς, ὁ τὸ φῶς ἐπαναστήσας, ὁ τὴν ἡμέραν λαμπρύνας, ὁ τὸ σκότος διακρίνας, ὁ τὴν πρώτην βαλβῖδα πήξας, ὁ κρεμάσας τὴν γῆν, ὁ σβέσας ἄβυσσον, ὁ ἐκτείνας τὸ στερέωμα, ὁ κοσμήσας τὸν κόσμον,

83. ὁ τοὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ἁρμόσας ἀστέρας, ὁ τοὺς φωστῆρας λαμπρύνας, ὁ τοὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ποιήσας ἀγγέλους, ὁ τοὺς ἐκεῖ πήξας θρόνους, ὁ τὸν ἐπὶ γῆς ἀναπλασσάμενος ἄνθρωπον. Οὗτος ἦν ὁ ἐκλεξάμενός σε καὶ καθοδηγήσας σε ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀδὰμ ἐπὶ τὸν Νῶε, ἀπὸ τοῦ Νῶε ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀβραάμ, ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰσὰκ καὶ τὸν Ἰακὼβ καὶ τοὺς ιβ’ πατριάρχας.

84. Οὗτος ἦν ὁ καθοδηγήσας σε εἰς Αἴγυπτον καὶ διαφυλάξας σε κἀκεῖ διαθρεψάμενος. Οὗτος ἦν ὁ φωταγωγήσας σε ἐν στύλῳ, καὶ σκεπάσας σε ἐν νεφέλῃ, ὁ τεμὼν Ἐρυθρὰν θάλασσαν καὶ διαγαγών σε καὶ τὸν ἐχθρόν σου ἀποσκεδάσας.

85. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ σοι μαννοδοτήσας, ὁ ἐκ πέτρας σε ποτίσας, ὁ ἐν Χωρήβ σοι νομοθετήσας, ὁ ἐν γῇ σοι κληροδοτήσας, ὁ ἐξαποστείλας σοι τοὺς προφήτας, ὁ ἐξεγείρας σου τοὺς βασιλεῖς.

86. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ πρός σε ἀφικόμενος, ὁ τοὺς πάσχοντάς σου θεραπεύσας καὶ τοὺς νεκρούς σου ἀναστήσας. Οὗτός ἐστιν εἰς ὃν ἠσέβησας. Οὗτός ἐστιν εἰς ὃν ἠδίκησας. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὃν ἀπέκτεινας. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὃν ἀπηργυρίσω ἀπαιτήσας παρ’ αὐτοῦ τὰ δίδραχμα ὑπὲρ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ.

87. Ἀχάριστε Ἰσραήλ, δεῦρο, καὶ κρίθητι πρός με περὶ τῆς ἀχαριστίας σου. Πόσου ἀνετιμήσω τὸ ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ καθοδηγηθῆναι; Πόσου ἀνετιμήσω τὴν τῶν πατέρων σου ἀνεύρεσιν; Πόσου ἀνετιμήσω τὴν εἰς Αἴγυπτον κάθοδον καὶ τὴν ἐκεῖ διατροφὴν διὰ τοῦ καλοῦ Ἰωσήφ;

88. Πόσου ἀνετιμήσω τὰς δέκα πληγάς; Πόσου ἀνετιμήσω τὸν νυκτερινὸν στῦλον καὶ τὴν ἡμερινὴν νεφέλην καὶ τὴν δι’ Ἐρυθρᾶς διάβασιν; Πόσου ἀνετιμήσω τὴν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ μαννοδοσίαν καὶ τὴν ἐκ πέτρας ὑδροπαροχίαν καὶ ἐν Χωρὴβ νομοθεσίαν καὶ τὴν ἐκ γῆς κληρονομίαν καὶ τὰς ἐκεῖ δωρεάς;

89. Πόσου ἀνετιμήσω τοὺς πάσχοντας οὓς αὐτὸς παρὼν ἐθεράπευσεν; Τίμησαί μοι τὴν ξηρὰν χεῖρα ἣν ἀποκατέστησεν τῷ σώματι.

90. Τίμησαί μοι τοὺς ἐκ γενετῆς τυφλοὺς οὓς διὰ φωνῆς ἐφωταγώγησεν. Τίμησαί μοι τοὺς κειμένους νεκροὺς οὓς ἐκ μνημείου ἀνέστησεν γ’ δὴ δ’ ἡμέρων. Ἀτίμητοι αἱ παρ’ αὐτοῦ σοι δωρεαί. Σὺ δὲ ἀτίμως ἀνταπέδωκας εἰς αὐτὸν τὰς ἀχαριστίας ἀνταποδοὺς αὐτῷ κακὰ ἀντὶ καλῶν καὶ θλῖψιν ἀντὶ χαρᾶς καὶ θάνατον ἀντὶ ζωῆς, ὑπὲρ οὗ καὶ ἀποθανεῖν σε ἔδει.

91. Εἶτα ἐὰν μὲν ἔθνους ἁρπαγῇ βασιλεὺς ὑπὸ ἐχθρῶν, δι’ αὐτὸν πόλεμος συνίσταται, δι’ αὐτὸν τεῖχος ῥήγνυται, δι’ αὐτὸν πόλις ἀναρπάζεται, δι’ αὐτὸν λύτρα πέμπεται, δι’ αὐτὸν πρέσβεις ἀποστέλλονται ἵνα λημφθῇ ἢ ἵνα εἰς ζωὴν ἀναπεμφθῇ ἢ ἵνα νεκρὸς ταφῇ.

92. Σὺ δὲ ἐναντίον κατὰ τοῦ κυρίου σου ἤνεγκας ψῆφον. Ὃν γὰρ τὰ ἔθνη προσεκύνει καὶ ἀκρόβυστοι ἐθαύμαζον καὶ ἀλλόφυλοι ἐδόξαζον, ἐφ’ ᾧ καὶ Πιλᾶτος ἐνίψατο τὰς χεῖρας, σὺ τοῦτον ἀπέκτεινας ἐν τῇ μεγάλῃ ἑορτῇ.

93. Τοιγαροῦν πικρά σοι ἡ τῶν ἀζύμων ἑορτή, καθώς σοι γέγραπται· “Ἔδεσθε ἄζυμα μετὰ πικρίδων.” Πικροί σοι ἧλοι οὓς ὤξυνας, Πικρά σοι γλῶσσα ἣν παρώξυνας. Πικροί σοι ψευδομάρτυρες οὓς ἔστησας. Πικροί σοι βρόχοι οὓς ἡτοίμασας. Πικραί σοι μάστιγες ἃς ἔπλεξας. Πικρός σοι Ἰούδας ὃν ἐμισθοδότησας. Πικρός σοι Ἡρώδης ᾧ ἐξηκολούθησας. Πικρός σοι Καϊάφας ᾧ ἐπείσθης. Πικρά σοι χολὴ ἣν ἐσκεύασας. Πικρόν σοι ὄξος ὃ ἐγεώργησας. Πικρά σοι ἄκανθα ἣν ἤμησας. Πικραί σοι χεῖρες ἃς ᾕμαξας. Ἀπέκτεινάς σου τὸν κύριον ἐν μέσῳ Ἰερουσαλήμ.

94. Ἀκούσατε πᾶσαι αἱ πατριαὶ τῶν ἐθνῶν καὶ ἴδετε· Καινὸς φόνος γέγονεν ἐν μέσῳ Ἰερουσαλήμ, ἐν πόλει νομικῇ, ἐν πόλει Ἑβραϊκῇ, ἐν πόλει προφητικῇ, ἐν πόλει δικαίᾳ νομιζομένῃ. Καὶ τίς πεφόνευται; Τίς δὲ ὁ φονεύς; Εἰπεῖν αἰδοῦμαι καὶ λέγειν ἀναγκάζομαι. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ νύκτωρ γεγόνει ὁ φόνος ἢ ἐπ’ ἐρημίας ἦν ἐσφαγμένος, σιγᾶν εὔχρηστον ἦν· νῦν δὲ ἐπὶ μέσης πλατείας καὶ πόλεως, ἐν μέσῳ πόλεως πάντων ὁρώντων γέγονεν δικαίου ἄδικος φόνος.

95. Καὶ οὕτως ὑψοῦται ἐπὶ ξύλου καὶ τίτλος πρόσκειται τὸν πεφονευμένον σημαίνων. Τίς οὗτος; Τὸ εἰπεῖν βαρὺ καὶ τὸ μὴ εἰπεῖν φοβερώτερον. Πλὴν ἀκούσατε τρέμοντες δι’ ὃν ἐτρόμησεν ἡ γῆ·

96. Ὁ κρεμάσας τὴν γῆν κρέμαται. Ὁ πήξας τοὺς οὐρανοὺς πέπεκται. Ὁ στηρίξας τὰ πάντα ἐπὶ ξύλου ἐστήρικται. Ὁ δεσπότης παρύβρισται. Ὁ θεὸς πεφόνευται. Ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἀνῄρεται ὑπὸ δεξιᾶς Ἰσραηλίτιδος.

97. Ὢ φόνου καινοῦ, ὢ ἀδικίας καινῆς. Ὁ δεσπότης παρεσχημάτισται γυμνῷ τῷ σώματι καὶ οὐδὲ περιβολῆς ἠξίωται ἵνα μὴ θεαθῇ. Διὰ τοῦτο οἱ φωστῆρες ἀπεστράφησαν καὶ ἡ ἡμέρα συνεσκότασεν, ὅπως κρύψῃ τὸν ἐπὶ ξύλου γεγυμνωμένον, οὐ τὸ τοῦ κυρίου σῶμα σκοτίζων, ἀλλὰ τοὺς τούτων ἀνθρώπων ὀφθαλμούς.

98. Καὶ γὰρ τοῦ λαοῦ μὴ τρέμοντος ἔτρεμεν ἡ γῆ. Τοῦ λαοῦ μὴ φοβηθέντος ἐφοβήθησαν οἱ οὐρανοί. Τοῦ λαοῦ μὴ περιεσχισμένου περιεσχίσατο ὁ ἄγγελος. Τοῦ λαοῦ μὴ κωκύσαντος “ἐβρόντησεν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ κύριος, καὶ ὕψιστος ἔδωκεν φωνήν”.

99. Διὰ τοῦτο, ὦ Ἰσραήλ, ἐπὶ τοῦ κυρίου οὐκ ἐτρόμησας, ἐπὶ τοῦ κυρίου οὐκ ἐφοβήθης, ἐπὶ τοῦ κυρίου οὐκ ἐκώκυσας, ἐπὶ τῶν πρωτοτόκων σου ἀνεκώκυσας, ἐπὶ τοῦ κρεμαμένου κυρίου οὐ περιεσχίσω ἐπὶ τῶν πεφονευμένων σου περιεσχίσω· Ἐγκατέλιπες τὸν κύριον, οὐχ εὑρέθης ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ. Ἠδάφισας τὸν κύριον, ἠδαφίσθης χαμαί. Καὶ σὺ μὲν κεῖσαι νεκρός,

100. ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἀνέστη ἐκ νεκρῶν καὶ ἀνέβη εἰς τὰ ὑψηλὰ τῶν οὐρανῶν. Κύριος, ἐνδυσάμενος τὸν ἄνθρωπον, καὶ παθὼν διὰ τὸν πάσχοντα, καὶ δεθεὶς διὰ τὸν κρατούμενον, καὶ κριθεὶς διὰ τὸν κατάδικον, καὶ ταφεὶς διὰ τὸν τεθαμμένον,

101. ἀνέστη ἐκ νεκρῶν καὶ ταύτην ἐβόησεν τὴν φωνήν “‘Τίς ὁ κρινόμενος πρός με; Ἀντιστήτω μοι.’ Ἐγὼ τὸν κατάδικον ἀπέλυσα. Ἐγὼ τὸν νεκρὸν ἐζωοποίησα. Ἐγὼ τὸν τεθαμμένον ἀνίστημι.

102. Τίς ὁ ἀντιλέγων μοι; Ἐγώ, φησίν, ὁ Χριστός, ἐγὼ ὁ καταλύσας τὸν θάνατον καὶ θριαμβεύσας τὸν ἐχθρὸν καὶ καταπατήσας τὸν ᾅδην καὶ δήσας τὸν ἰσχυρὸν καὶ ἀφαρπάσας τὸν ἄνθρωπον εἰς τὰ ὑψηλὰ τῶν οὐρανῶν, ἐγώ, φησίν, ὁ Χριστός.”

103. “Τοίνυν δεῦτε πᾶσαι αἱ πατριαὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων αἱ ἐν ἁμαρτίαις πεφυραμέναι, καὶ λάβετε ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτημάτων. Ἐγὼ γάρ εἰμι ὑμῶν ἡ ἄφεσις, ἐγὼ τὸ πάσχα τῆς σωτηρίας, ἐγὼ ὁ ἀμνὸς ὁ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν σφαγείς, ἐγὼ τὸ λύτρον ὑμῶν, ἐγὼ ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν, ἐγὼ ἡ ἀνάστασις ὑμῶν, ἐγὼ τὸ φῶς ὑμῶν, ἐγὼ ἡ σωτηρία ὑμῶν, ἐγὼ ὁ βασιλεὺς ὑμῶν. Ἐγὼ ὑμᾶς ἀνάγω εἰς τὰ ὑψηλὰ τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ἐγὼ ὑμῖν δείξω τὸν ἀπ’ αἰώνων πατέρα. Ἐγὼ ὑμᾶς ἀναστήσω διὰ τῆς ἐμῆς δεξιᾶς.”

104. Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ποιήσας τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν, καὶ πλάσας ἐν ἀρχῇ τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ὁ διὰ νόμου καὶ προφητῶν κηρυσσόμενος, ὁ ἐν παρθένῳ σαρκωθείς, ὁ ἐπὶ ξύλῳ κρεμασθείς, ὁ εἰς γῆν ταφείς, ὁ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀνασταθείς, καὶ ἀνελθὼν εἰς τὰ ὑψηλὰ τῶν οὐρανῶν, ὁ καθήμενος ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ πατρός, ὁ ἔχων ἐξουσίαν πάντα κρῖναι καὶ σῴζειν δι’ οὗ ἐποίησεν ὁ πατὴρ τὰ ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς μέχρι αἰώνων.

105. Οὗτός ἐστιν “τὸ Α καὶ τὸ Ω”. Οὗτός ἐστιν “ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος”, – ἀρχὴ ἀνεκδιήγητος καὶ τέλος ἀκατάλημπτον –. “Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Χριστός.” Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ βασιλεύς. Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰησοῦς, οὗτος ὁ στρατηγός, οὗτος ὁ κύριος, οὗτος ὁ ἀναστὰς ἐκ νεκρῶν, οὗτος ὁ καθήμενος ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ πατρός. Φορεῖ τὸν πατέρα καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς φορεῖται, “ᾧ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. Ἀμήν”.

From the Greek as printed in Teološki pogledi 48 (2015), which takes it from the Musaios library of Greek texts (2001); the brackets for restored letters are left out.

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